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By L. Leon. Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology. 2018.
Since stomach acids may be de- Herbs creased discount terramycin 250mg visa virus website, powdered multivitamin formula in gelatin cap- sules are suggested terramycin 250 mg with visa virus free, as this form is the easiest to digest. Garlic (Allium sativa) is helpful in preventing heart Such formulas may also contain enzymes for further disease, and improving the tone and texture of skin. Antioxidants can help neutralize damage caused by free radical actions, which are thought to contribute to Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) sup- problems of aging. They are also helpful in preventing ports the adrenal glands and immune functions. It is be- and treating cancer, and in treating cataracts and glau- lieved to be helpful in treating problems related to stress. Supplements that serve as antioxidants include: Siberian ginseng also increases mental and physical per- 30 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 formance, and may be useful in treating memory loss, menopausal women. These drugs help keep bones strong, re- duce the risk of heart disease, restore vaginal lubrication, Ginkgo biloba works particularly well on the brain and improve skin elasticity. People can lead healthy, disability-free lives flow, and diabetes-related nerve damage. A well-established support Proanthocyanidins, or PCO, (brand name Pycnogenol), system of family, friends, and health care providers, are derived from grape seeds and skin, as well as pine tree along with a focus on good nutrition and lifestyle bark. In alternative Prevention medicine, it aids in treating cancer, rheumatoid arthri- tis, high cholesterol, heart disease, infection, and im- Preventive health practices such as healthy diet, paired immune function. Several scientific studies have daily exercise, stress management, and control of shown that antioxidant benefits are obtained by drinking lifestyle habits, such as smoking and drinking, can two cups of green tea each day. Exercise can improve appetite, bone In Ayurvedic medicine, aging is described as a health, emotional and mental outlook, digestion, and process of increased vata, in which there is a tendency to circulation. Bananas, almonds, avocados, and coconuts skin, good digestion, and proper elimination of wastes. Up to eight glasses of water should be consumed daily, One of the main herbs used to treat these problems is along with plenty of herbal teas, diluted fruit and veg- gotu kola (Centella asiatica). It is taken to revitalize the etable juices, and fresh fruits and vegetables that have a nervous system and brain cells, and to fortify the im- high water content. Gotu kola is also used to treat memory Because of a decrease in the sense of taste, older loss, anxiety, and insomnia. Seaweeds and small amounts of are recommended, and include barley soup, tofu, mung honey can be used as replacements. Jing tonics may also be damaging effects, and consumption should be limited or used. Processed foods should be replaced by such complex Allopathic treatment carbohydrates as whole grains. If chewing becomes a problem, there should be an increased intake of protein For the most part, doctors prescribe medications to drinks, freshly juiced fruits and vegetables, and control the symptoms and diseases of aging. The most common drugs used by the elderly are painkillers, diuretics or BOOKS water pills, sedatives, cardiac medications, antibiotics, Cox, Harold. The Anti-Aging Solution: 5 Simple Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is commonly Steps to Looking and Feeling Young. Hoboken, NJ: John prescribed to alleviate the symptoms of aging in post- Wiley & Sons, 2004. It was first recognized in the United cline in brain function that interferes with the abil- States in 1981. AIDS is the advanced form of infection ity to reason and to perform daily activities. AIDS is considered one of the most devastating pub- lic health problems in recent history. In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that Panno, Joseph. Aging: Theories and Potential Therapies New one million persons in the United States were HIV-posi- York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Herbal De- fense: Positioning Yourself to Triumph Over Illness and 44% were gay or bisexual men, 26% are heterosexual in- Aging New York, NY: Warner Books, 1997. Healthy Aging New York, NY: Knopf, approximately 1,000-2,000 children are born each year 2004.
Others—immunotherapy 250mg terramycin with amex antibiotics for sinus infection in canada, hormones buy terramycin 250 mg low price virus remover free, inhibitors of hoarseness or cough, change in mole, lump, nonhealing blood vessel formation sore, pain, weight loss Questions for Study and Review Building Understanding Fill in the blanks 1. Examples of diseases caused by infectious organisms are colds, AIDS, “strep” Other factors that enter into the production of a disease throat, tuberculosis, and food poisoning. Although a predis- may also contribute to more complex disorders, for exam- posing cause may not in itself give rise to a disease, it in- ple, stomach ulcers and some forms of heart disease. Most of us are familiar with dis- early heart disease, whereas women are more likely to eases caused by a dietary lack of essential vitamins, develop adult onset diabetes and autoimmune diseases. Some individuals inherit a “tendency” to ac- health: scurvy due to a lack of vitamin C; beriberi due quire certain diseases—particularly diabetes, many al- to a lack of thiamine; rickets due to a lack of calcium for lergies, and certain forms of cancer. Some physical disturbances have reactions involved in cellular metabolism, such as dia- their basis in emotional upsets, stress, and anxiety in daily betes, gout (a disorder of the joints), digestive disorders, living. Injuries that cause and the diseases caused by excess or deficiency of hor- burns, cuts, fractures, or crushing damage to tissues mones are the subject of Chapter 12. Metals DISEASE AND DISEASE-PRODUCING ORGANISMS ✦ 79 or toxins may cause skin reactions, and exposure to pes- tions, public health workers use the term morbidity rate to ticides and other agricultural chemicals has been associ- describe the proportion of people with a specific disease in a ated with neurologic disorders and cancer. Any preexisting illness, especially a scribe the percentage of the population that dies from a chronic disease such as high blood pressure or diabetes, given disease within a period of time. Epidemics of influenza, for example, occur periodically today, and epidemics of The study of the cause of any disease, or the theory of its ori- smallpox and bubonic plague occurred in earlier ages. Any study of a disease usually includes some indication of incidence, which means its a given disease is found to a lesser extent but continu- range of occurrence and its tendency to affect certain groups ously in a particular region, the disease is endemic to that of individuals more than other groups. A disease that is prevalent throughout an entire appear in one gender, age group, or race more or less fre- country or continent, or the whole world, is said to be quently than another is usually included in any study on dis- pandemic. Box 5-1 A Closer Look The CDC: Making People Safer and HealthierThe CDC: Making People Safer and Healthier he Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in polio, which has virtually been eliminated in the United States. TAtlanta, Georgia, are responsible for protecting and im- In the 1960s the CDC joined the World Health Organization in proving the health of the American public—at home and efforts to eradicate smallpox worldwide, and in the 1970s, it abroad. During the 1990s, CDC researchers rapidly identified works to protect the public from environmental hazards such the strain of hantavirus that caused a serious and often fatal as waterborne illnesses, weather emergencies, biologic and pulmonary disease in people in the Southwestern U. National Institutes of Health (NIH) has es- To treat a patient, a physician must first make a diagnosis tablished the National Center for Complementary and Al- (di-ag-NO-sis), that is, reach a conclusion as to the nature ternative Medicine (NCCAM) to study the value of these of the illness. A characteristic typically they are measured, purified, and often modified group of symptoms and signs that accompanies a disease is instead of being used in their natural state. Some complex disorders purity, safety, dosage, and effectiveness have arisen in the even have “syndrome” in their names, such as Down syn- use of herbal remedies as, to date, they have not been drome, premenstrual syndrome, acquired immunodefi- tested as rigorously as conventional drugs. Common methods used for diagnosis however, restrictions on the health claims that can be include imaging studies, blood tests, and study of tissues re- made by the manufacturers, and the Federal Drug Admin- moved in biopsy. Nurses and other healthcare professionals play an ex- tremely valuable role in the diagnostic process by observ- Prevention of Disease ing closely for signs, collecting and organizing informa- In recent years, physicians, nurses, and other healthcare tion from the patient about his or her symptoms, and then workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in pre- reporting this information to the physician. The modern concept of prevention, however, include drugs, surgery, radiation, counseling, physical or seeks to stop disease before it actually happens—to keep occupational therapy, and many others, alone or in com- people well through the promotion of health. Specific measures in a course of treatment in- provement include cessation of smoking, improved diet, clude those carried out by the nurse and other healthcare weight control, and adequate exercise. An insect or other animal that transmits a mans, and many are beneficial, a few types cause illness; disease-causing organism from one host to another is that is, they are pathogenic (path-o-JEN-ic). For example, people with depressed ample, discharges from the respiratory and intestinal tracts immune systems, such as those with AIDS become infected may spread infection through air, by contamination of hands, with organisms that are ordinarily harmless. In close quarters, germ-laden droplets discharged by Box 5-2 • Health Maintenance The Cold Facts about the Common ColdThe Cold Facts about the Common Cold very year, an estimated one billion Americans suffer from temperature and humidity, these particles may live as long as Ethe symptoms of the common cold—runny nose, sneez- 3 to 6 hours, and others who touch the contaminated surface ing, coughing, and headache. Although the term parasitology (par-ah-si-TOL-o-je) is the study Microorganisms of parasites in general, in practice, it usually refers to Microorganisms are simple, usually single-cell forms of the study of protozoa and worms (helminths). The organisms included These organisms rarely cause diseases and will not be de- in the study of microbiology along with their scientific scribed any further in this chapter. Others produce the fer- Table 5•1 Organisms Studied in Microbiology TYPE OF NAME OF CHARACTERISTICS OF REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM STUDY ORGANISMS EXAMPLES Bacteria Bacteriology Simple, single-cell organisms. These cells will use oxy- gen if it is present but are able to grow without oxygen if Checkpoint 5-9 What are the categories of organisms studied it is not available.
A pediatric endocrinologist buy 250mg terramycin with mastercard virus killing robot, a doctor this first year discount 250mg terramycin overnight delivery antibiotic resistance research, the response to the hormone is not as suc- specializing in the hormones of children, usually admin- cessful. Once the growth plates use is considered successful if the individual grows at have fused, GH replacement therapy is rarely effective. However, frequent disease complica- ment is not administered before the long bones—such as tions resulting from human growth hormone collected the legs and arms—fuse, then the individual will never from deceased bodies lead to the banning of this method. The exact combina- tion and severity of these symptoms varies widely between cases and types of prion disease. CJD, the most common of the human prion diseases, is characterized by a rapid deterioration in mental func- tion from confusion and memory loss into severe, accompanied by loss of muscular control (ataxia) and twitching or spasmodic motion (myoclonus). A scan of electrical activity in the brain, called an elec- troencephalogram (EEG), will often show an abnormal periodic spike pattern. The onset of symptoms usually occurs when the patient is over age 50 and death follows within one to five years. Microsopic holes, or vacuoles, in the brain tissue, which give it a “spongiform” appear- ance, are characteristic of CJD. One form of the dis- ease (the ataxic form) is first characterized by an unsteady walk sometimes accompanied by leg pains. These motor problems get worse over several years and are finally accompanied by mental and behavioral break- down. By contrast, dementia is the main characteristic of the telencephalic form of GSS, accompanied by rigidity, the inability to make facial expressions, tremors, and stuttering or stammering. In another form of the disease, GSS with neurofibrillary tangles, the main features are loss of muscle coordination (ataxia), tremors, and pro- gressive insanity. As in CJD, the affected individuals are usually in their fifties or older, and the progression of the disease may take from two to six years. The most noticeable sign of fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is the untreatable and progressively worse difficulty in sleeping. The affected individual then begins to experi- ence complex hallucinations which are often enacted dreams. The onset of symptoms usually blood pressure, and hyperventilation are other symptoms. The average age at The early signs of new variant CJD are most often onset of symptoms is the mid-forties, and the disease pro- psychiatric disturbances. Abnormal sensations of prick- gresses rapidly with death resulting after about one year. The duration Kuru was called the “shivering” disease by the Fore of the disease is one to two years. As in CJD, vacuoles are tribe members because its primary symptom was twitch- present in the brain, but they are associated with dense ing and shaking of the body. Because of the many different forms of the disease Mental insanity usually did not appear until the terminal and the overlap in symptoms with other common syn- Progressive tapetochoroidal dystrophy HPC1 Vertebrae Arterial inelasticity can lead to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract and, rarely, acute vomiting of blood. PXE is caused by changes in the genetic material, called mutations, that are inherited in either a dominant or recessive mode. A person with the recessive form of the disease (which is most common) must possess two copies of the PXE to be affected, and, therefore, must have received one from each parent. In the domi- nant form, one copy of the abnormal gene is sufficient to cause the disease. In some cases, a person with the dom- inant form inherits the abnormal gene from a parent with PXE. More commonly, the mutation arises as a sponta- neous change in the genetic material of the affected per- son. These cases are called “sporadic” and do not affect parents or siblings, although each child of a person with sporadic PXE has a 50% risk to inherit the condition. Both males and females can develop PXE, although the skin findings seem to be somewhat more common in females. The recessive, dominant, and spo- radic forms of PXE all appear to be caused by different mutations or deletions in a single gene called ABCC6 (also known as MRP6), located on chromosome 16.
Prostacyclin an- Lüllmann order terramycin 250 mg overnight delivery bacteria kingdoms, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved buy cheap terramycin 250mg line virus 7 life processes. Vasodilators 119 Venous bed Vasodilation Arterial bed Nitrates Ca-antagonists ACE-inhibitors Dihydralazine Minoxidil "1-Antagonists Nitroprusside sodium A. Counter-regulatory responses in hypotension due to vasodilators Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. It is the drug The effect is more pronounced in venous of choice in the treatment of angina pec- than in arterial beds. For this purpose, it is ad- These vasodilator effects produce ministered as a spray, or in sublingual or hemodynamic consequences that can buccal tablets for transmucosal deliv- be put to therapeutic use. The onset of action is between 1 and crease in both venous return (preload) 3 min. Due to a nearly complete pre- and arterial afterload, cardiac work is systemic elimination, it is poorly suited decreased (p. Spas- livery (nitroglycerin patch) also avoids modic constriction of larger coronary presystemic elimination. Organic nitrates are used through membranes, is more stable chiefly in angina pectoris (p. ISDN Continuous intake of higher doses with can also be applied sublingually; how- maintenance of steady plasma levels ever, it is mainly administered orally in leads to loss of efficacy, inasmuch as the order to achieve a prolonged effect. This “nitrate tolerance” can because of its higher polarity and slower be avoided if a daily “nitrate-free inter- rate of absorption. Af- of a throbbing headache, probably ter oral intake, it is slowly converted caused by dilation of cephalic vessels. Apparently, This effect also exhibits tolerance, even there is little likelihood of "nitrate tole- when daily “nitrate pauses” are kept. Excessive dosages give rise to hypoten- Sodium nitroprusside contains a sion, reflex tachycardia, and circulatory nitroso (-NO) group, but is not an ester. It is administered by infusion to tion in vascular smooth muscle tone is achieve controlled hypotension under presumably due to activation of guany- continuous close monitoring. Cyanide late cyclase and elevation of cyclic GMP ions liberated from nitroprusside can be levels. The causative agent is most likely inactivated with sodium thiosulfate nitric oxide (NO) generated from the or- (Na2S2O3) (p. NO is a physiological mes- senger molecule that endothelial cells release onto subjacent smooth muscle cells (“endothelium-derived relaxing factor,” EDRF). Organic nitrates would thus utilize a pre-existing pathway, hence their high efficacy. The genera- tion of NO within the smooth muscle cell depends on a supply of free sulfhy- dryl (-SH) groups; “nitrate-tolerance” Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Vasodilators 121 Preload Afterload O2-supply O2-demand Blood pressure Venous blood return Prevention of Peripheral to heart coronary artery resistance spasm Venous bed “Nitrate- Arterial bed tolerance” Route: Route: e. Vasodilators: Nitrates Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. It exerts inhibitory effects not only on During electrical excitation of the cell arterial smooth muscle, but also on heart membrane of heart or smooth muscle, muscle. In the heart, Ca2+ inward cur- different ionic currents are activated, rents are important in generating depo- including an inward Ca2+ current. The larization of sinoatrial node cells (im- term Ca2+ antagonist is applied to drugs pulse generation), in impulse propaga- that inhibit the influx of Ca2+ ions with- tion through the AV- junction (atrioven- out affecting inward Na+ or outward K+ tricular conduction), and in electrome- currents to a significant degree. Other chanical coupling in the ventricular car- labels are Ca-entry blocker or Ca-channel diomyocytes. Therapeutically used Ca2+ an- negative chrono-, dromo-, and inotropic tagonists can be divided into three effects. An effect ployed in the prophylaxis of angina pec- on cardiac function is practically absent toris attacks (p.